- Smoking: The top risk factor, as most COPD cases are linked to smoking.
- Lung irritants: Long-term exposure to air pollution, workplace chemicals, dust, or smoke from cooking without ventilation.
- Family history: If you have relatives with COPD or a genetic condition like alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, your risk is higher.
- Age: Symptoms typically start after age 40.
- Infections and childhood conditions: Issues like asthma, lung infections, or exposure to smoke in early life can increase the risk.